Background: Walking while performing a secondary task walking) increases cognitive workload in young adults. To date, few studies have used neurophysiological measures in combination to subjective measures to assess cognitive workload during a walking task. This combined approach can provide more insights into the amount of cognitive resources in relation with the perceived mental effort involving in a walking task.Research Question: The objective was to examine cognitive workload in young adults during walking conditions varying in complexity.Methods: Twenty-five young adults performed (...) four conditions: usual walking, simple DT walking, complex DT walking and standing while subtracting. During the walking task, mean speed, cadence, stride time, stride length, and their respective coefficient of variation were recorded. Cognitive workload will be measured through changes in oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin during walking in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and perceived mental demand score from NASA-TLX questionnaire.Results: In young adults, ΔHbO2 in the DLPFC increased from usual walking to both DT walking conditions and standing while subtracting condition. ΔHbO2 did not differ between the simple and complex DT and between the complex DT and standing while subtracting condition. Perceived mental demand gradually increased with walking task complexity. As expected, all mean values of gait parameters were altered according to task complexity. CV of speed, cadence and stride time were significantly higher during DT walking conditions than during usual walking whereas CV of stride length was only higher during complex DT walking than during usual walking.Significance: Young adults had greater cognitive workload in the two DT walking conditions compared to usual walking. However, only the mental demand score from NASA-TLX questionnaire discriminated simple from complex DT walking. Subjective measure provides complementary information to objective one on changes in cognitive workload during challenging walking tasks in young adults. These results may be useful to improve our understanding of cognitive workload during walking. (shrink)

Deux traductions presque complètes des œuvres de Spinoza sont publiées dans la France du XIXe siècle. Leurs choix philosophiques réfractent les conflits intellectuels de l’époque : au spiritualisme cousinien de Saisset s’oppose la lecture matérialiste et républicaine de Prat.

Children with specific language impairment show a significant deficit in spoken language that cannot be attributed to neurological damage, hearing impairment, or intellectual disability. More prevalent than autism and at least as prevalent as dyslexia, SLI affects approximately seven percent of all children; it is longstanding, with adverse effects on academic, social, and economic standing. The first edition of this work established _Children with Specific Language Impairment_ as the landmark reference on this condition, considering not only the disorder's history, possible (...) origins, and treatment but also what SLI might tell us about language organization and development in general. This second edition offers a complete update of the earlier volume. Much of the second edition is completely new, reflecting findings and interpretations based on the hundreds of studies that have appeared since the publication of the first edition in 1997. Topics include linguistic details, word and sentence processing findings, genetics, neurobiology, treatment, and comparisons to such conditions as autism spectrum disorders, ADHD, and dyslexia. The book covers SLI in children who speak a wide range of languages, and, although the emphasis is on children, it also includes studies of adults who were diagnosed with SLI as children or are the parents of children with SLI. Written by a leading scholar in the field, Children with Specific Language Impairment offers the most comprehensive, balanced, and unified treatment of SLI available. (shrink)

The book highlights important research strategies in the quest to find thecause of SLI and to develop methods of prevention and treatment.

À chacune/chacun, son image de la fille en garçon, et la panoplie vestimentaire qui va avec : complet trois pièces, salopette, cuirasse, strass, smoking, perfecto, bloomer, pourpoint, monocle, lévite de bure, chevelures rases, musculatures gonflées... Qui n'a pas rêvé de Katherine Hepburn dans Sylvia Scarlett et de Greta Garbo en Christine de Suède, de Jeanne Moreau entre Jules et Jim, de Barbara Streisand jouant Yentl, de Sarah Bernhardt faisant l'Aiglon, sans parler d'héroïnes plus...

À chacune/chacun, son image de la fille en garçon, et la panoplie vestimentaire qui va avec : complet trois pièces, salopette, cuirasse, strass, smoking, perfecto, bloomer, pourpoint, monocle, lévite de bure, chevelures rases, musculatures gonflées... Qui n'a pas rêvé de Katherine Hepburn dans Sylvia Scarlett et de Greta Garbo en Christine de Suède, de Jeanne Moreau entre Jules et Jim, de Barbara Streisand jouant Yentl, de Sarah Bernhardt faisant l'Aiglon, sans parler d'héroïnes plus...

Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d’examiner la représentation de Jeanne d’Arc au théâtre de boulevard, à partir des deux pièces de la fin de siècle les plus connues sur le sujet: « Jeanne d’Arc » : l’une de Jules Barbier (avec une musique de Gounod, montée en 1890 au Théâtre de la Porte-Saint-Martin, avec Sarah Bernhardt dans le rôle de Jeanne), l’autre étant « Le Procès de Jeanne d’Arc » d’Émile Moreau (représentée au Théâtre Sarah-Bernhardt en 1909, (...) Sarah Bernhardt incarnant une nouvelle fois la Pucelle). Grâce à son talent, Sarah Bernhardt contribue à la fois à la commercialisation de la légende johannique et à favoriser un certain consensus autour de Jeanne. À travers ces deux pièces, les auteurs républicains et leur célèbre collaboratrice tentent de créer une image de Jeanne, « la sainte patriotique », image « au-delà de la politique », qui puisse être associée à la République aussi bien qu’à l’Église catholique. Mais le consensus autour de Jeanne est fragile. Sous l’unité de surface, apparaissent une série de querelles, non seulement sur la politique et l’identité nationale, mais aussi sur le genre, la culture de masse, le théâtre, et sur Sarah Bernhardt elle-même. (shrink)

In “Internalism and Externalism,” Laurence BonJour suggests that the contemporary epistemological debate over internalism and externalism concerns the formulation of the justification or warrant condition in an account of knowledge. The internalist requires that for a belief to meet this condition, all of the necessary elements must be cognitively accessible to the believer, whereas the externalist claims that at least some such elements do not need to be accessible to the believer. BonJour gives an overview of this dispute. He (...) suggests that the opposition between the two views is less straightforward than has usually been thought. He proposes, in addition, that each of them has valuable roles to play in major epistemological issues, even though the internalist approach is more fundamental in an important way. (shrink)

Two profound atrocities in the history of Western culture form the subject of this moving philosophical exploration: American Slavery and the Holocaust. An African American and a Jew, Laurence Mordekhai Thomas denounces efforts to place the suffering of one group above the other. Rather, he pronounces these two defining historical experiences as profoundly evil in radically different ways and points to their logically incompatible aims. The author begins with a discussion of the nature of evil, exploring the fragility of (...) human beings and the phenomena of compartmentalizing, unquestioning obedience to authority, and moral drift. Citing compelling examples from history and contemporary life, he characterizes evil acts in terms of moral agency, magnitude, and intent. With moving testimony, Thomas depicts the moral pain of African Americans and Jews during their ordeals and describes how their past as victims has affected their future. Without invidious comparison, he distinguishes between extermination and domination, death and natal alienation, physical and mental cruelty, and between being viewed as irredeemable evil and as a moral simpleton. Thomas also considers the role of blacks and Jews in the Christian narrative. _In Vessels of Evil_, Thomas also considers the ways Jews and blacks have gone on to survive. He analyzes the relative flourishing of Jews and the languishing of blacks in this country and examines the implications of their dissimilar tragedies on any future relationship between these two minorities. (shrink)

The modern abundance and prominence of data has led to the development of “data science” as a new field of enquiry, along with a body of epistemological reflections upon its foundations, methods, and consequences. This article provides a systematic analysis and critical review of significant open problems and debates in the epistemology of data science. We propose a partition of the epistemology of data science into the following five domains: (i) the constitution of data science; (ii) the kind of enquiry (...) that it identifies; (iii) the kinds of knowledge that data science generates; (iv) the nature and epistemological significance of “black box” problems; and (v) the relationship between data science and the philosophy of science more generally. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical framework to understand how multicellular systems realize functionally integrated physiological entities by organizing their intercellular space. From a perspective centered on physiology and integration, biological systems are often characterized as organized in such a way that they realize metabolic self-production and self-maintenance. The existence and activity of their components rely on the network they realize and on the continuous management of the exchange of matter and energy with their environment. One (...) of the virtues of the organismic approach focused on organization is that it can provide an understanding of how biological systems are functionally integrated into coherent wholes. Organismic frameworks have been primarily developed by focusing on unicellular life. Multicellularity, however, presents additional challenges to our understanding of biological systems, related to how cells are capable to live together in higher-order entities, in such a way that some of their features and behaviors are constrained and controlled by the system they realize. Whereas most accounts of multicellularity focus on cell differentiation and increase in size as the main elements to understand biological systems at this level of organization, we argue that these factors are insufficient to provide an understanding of how cells are physically and functionally integrated in a coherent system. In this paper, we provide a new theoretical framework to understand multicellularity, capable to overcome these issues. Our thesis is that one of the fundamental theoretical principles to understand multicellularity, which is missing or underdeveloped in current accounts, is the functional organization of the intercellular space. In our view, the capability to be organized in space plays a central role in this context, as it enables (and allows to exploit all the implications of) cell differentiation and increase in size, and even specialized functions such as immunity. We argue that the extracellular matrix plays a crucial active role in this respect, as an evolutionary ancient and specific (non-cellular) control subsystem that contributes as a key actor to the functional specification of the multicellular space and to modulate cell fate and behavior. We also analyze how multicellular systems exert control upon internal movement and communication. Finally, we show how the organization of space is involved in some of the failures of multicellular organization, such as aging and cancer. (shrink)

Despite their common core in statistics, insurance and epidemiology propel two different forms of solidarity. In insurance, the collective is a source of protection, thanks to the pooling of risks; in epidemics by contrast, the group remains the source of danger for the individual. The aim of this paper is to highlight the conceptions of community and solidarity at play in epidemics in contradistinction to insurance, with a focus on the shift introduced by big data and algorithms. Paradoxically, while the (...) new technologies and epidemiology share a common view on the relation between the individual and the collective, tracing apps were not widely adopted in the Covid-19 crisis. This reluctance to use current technologies for the sake of epidemic containments highlights, beyond legitimate interrogations, a confusion between two imaginaries of the social: insurance solidarity where the interdependence is a source of rights, and epidemic solidarity that imposes duties. (shrink)

The Dispossessed has been described by political thinker Andre Gorz as 'The most striking description I know of the seductions—and snares—of self-managed communist or, in other words, anarchist society.' To date, however, the radical social, cultural, and political ramifications of Le Guin's multiple award-winning novel remain woefully under explored. Editors Laurence Davis and Peter Stillman right this state of affairs in the first ever collection of original essays devoted to Le Guin's novel. Among the topics covered in this wide-ranging, (...) international and interdisciplinary collection are the anarchist, ecological, post-consumerist, temporal, revolutionary, and open-ended utopian politics of The Dispossessed. The book concludes with an essay by Le Guin written specially for this volume, in which she reassesses the novel in light of the development of her own thinking over the past 30 years. (shrink)

The "Duhem-Quine thesis" says that isolated hypotheses are not singularly verifiable by experience, only the whole body of a theory being able to be subjected to the test of experience. I first examine the rather divergent meanings this thesis takes when it is replaced in the different contexts of Duhem's and Quine'sphilosophies. Secondly, questions are asked about the acceptability of the thesis, its logical strength and its historical soundness. Finally, the consequences of some doubts raised by this inquiry are examined (...) especially with respect to Quine's philosophy. (shrink)

Né à Cordoue en 1126, mort en 1198, Ibn Rusd (Averroès), juge, médecin et philosophe andalou, a laissé une œuvre considérable : outre des traités polémiques (contre Galien, contre al-Gazâli) et de nombreux essais, il a consacré à Platon, et surtout à Aristote, des commentaires appelés à exercer une influence particulièrement grande dans les domaines de la logique, de la métaphysique, de la noétique. Rédigé dans les dernières années de sa vie, le Grand Commentaire de la Métaphysique marque le couronnement (...) de l'œuvre philosophique d'Averroès. Ce volume présente la première traduction française annotée du texte arabe de Bêta et du commentaire qu'Averroès y consacre. Souvent considéré comme une introduction générale à toute la métaphysique aristotélicienne, le livre Bêta expose une série d'apories que rencontre le philosophe et qu'il doit tâcher de résoudre. La traduction est précédée d'une introduction qui tente de montrer dans quelle perspective Averroès envisage la " problématique " de la métaphysique. Quels sont les principes, les limites, l'objet ou les enjeux de la métaphysique? Voilà les questions, aussi vastes que capitales, auxquelles Averroès tente ici d'apporter une réponse. (shrink)

Having children is the most common aim among human beings. The Family and the Political Self aims to capture the insights that can be gleaned from taking this truth seriously. One truth is that human beings may not be as self-interested as is commonly supposed. In this book Laurence Thomas argues that the best construal of the political self reflects this truth.

The "Duhem-Quine thesis" says that isolated hypotheses are not singularly verifiable by experience, only the whole body of a theory being able to be subjected to the test of experience. I first examine the rather divergent meanings this thesis takes when it is replaced in the different contexts of Duhem's and Quine'sphilosophies. Secondly, questions are asked about the acceptability of the thesis, its logical strength and its historical soundness. Finally, the consequences of some doubts raised by this inquiry are examined (...) especially with respect to Quine's philosophy. (shrink)

For familiar reasons, stereotyping is believed to be irresponsible and offensive. Yet the use of stereotypes in humor is widespread. Particularly offensive are thought to be sexual and racial stereotypes, yet it is just these that figure particularly prominently in jokes. In certain circumstances it is unquestionably wrong to make jokes that employ such stereotypes. Some writers have made the much stronger claim that in all circumstances it is wrong to find such jokes funny; in other words that people who (...) laugh at such jokes betray sexist/racist attitudes. This conclusion seems false. There is, as I shall argue, a thin dividing line between being properly sensitive to the rights and feelings of women and of racial groups different from our own, and being excessively sensitive to oversensitivity. Oversensitivity is, in this context, a kind of intolerance, and there is no reason why we should pander to that. One can be opposed to the unchecked dissemination of certain kinds of racist or sexist humor without oneself being a racist or sexist for finding such humor funny. The use of various stereotypes in humor serves the linguistic purpose of facilitating brevity and punch, the cultural purpose of preserving, in a sanitized form traditional rivalries and antipathies, and the psychological purpose of discharging fears. Blanket moral condemnation is inappropriate, though there will, of course, be circumstances under which the promulgation of certain types of humor, or even its enjoyment, ought to be condemned. (shrink)

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be (...) preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

The "Duhem-Quine thesis" says that isolated hypotheses are not singularly verifiable by experience, only the whole body of a theory being able to be subjected to the test of experience. I first examine the rather divergent meanings this thesis takes when it is replaced in the different contexts of Duhem's and Quine'sphilosophies. Secondly, questions are asked about the acceptability of the thesis, its logical strength and its historical soundness. Finally, the consequences of some doubts raised by this inquiry are examined (...) especially with respect to Quine's philosophy. (shrink)

English summary: This Arabic edition and French translation of Avicennas commentary on Aristotles Lambda offers a clear opportunity to better understand the Greek philosophers influence on medieval Arabic philosophy, especially concerning the hierarchy of the universe. French description: Ce texte d'Avicenne est l'un des seuls commentaires sur Aristote laisses par le philosophe persan. Il s'attaque au noyau theologique de la Metaphysique du Stagirite, les chapitres 6 a 10 du livre Lambda. Avicenne depend d'une tradition greco-arabe (Alexandre d'Aphrodise, Themistius, l'ecole "peripateticienne" (...) de Bagdad). La tradition arabe a aussi attribue a Aristote plusieurs oeuvres d'origine neoplatonicienne, notamment une Theologie adaptee de Plotin, et un Livre du Bien pur, adaptation des Elements de Theologie de Proclus. Le Dieu d'Aristote est ainsi pour Avicenne la Cause premiere efficiente de l'etre. La structure hierarchique de l'univers resulte de l'emanation produite par l'autointelligence du premier Principe. Il ne fait pas de doute, pour Avicenne, que ces doctrines aient ete celles du Stagirite. (shrink)

Majestueuse, puissante et révérée souveraine, ma dame Isabeau, reine de France par la grâce de Dieu. Très noble, puissante et révérée reine, Que Votre Haute Majesté veuille ne point mépriser ni dédaigner la voix éplorée de sa misérable servante, Christine, mais qu'elle condescende à entendre ces paroles dictées par un sentiment sincère qui ne cherche qu'à faire le bien. Vous pourriez certes croire qu'une personne aussi humble, indigne et ignorante que moi-même ne devrait pas se mêler...

Majestueuse, puissante et révérée souveraine, ma dame Isabeau, reine de France par la grâce de Dieu. Très noble, puissante et révérée reine, Que Votre Haute Majesté veuille ne point mépriser ni dédaigner la voix éplorée de sa misérable servante, Christine, mais qu'elle condescende à entendre ces paroles dictées par un sentiment sincère qui ne cherche qu'à faire le bien. Vous pourriez certes croire qu'une personne aussi humble, indigne et ignorante que moi-même ne devrait pas se mêler...

L’accès à la paternité entraîne chez l’homme une crise identitaire et narcissique dont le dépassement requiert un travail psychique complexe. Celui-ci est basé sur la conflictualisation des identifications féminines et masculines et des deuils successifs. Ces aspects se révèlent indispensables à l’avènement de la paternité. Certains hommes sont rendus vulnérables par cette crise et présentent des troubles psychiques. Des interventions thérapeutiques destinées aux futurs pères au moment de l’émergence de ces troubles constituent une prévention très précoce de la psychopathologie paternelle (...) et diminuent les risques de voir s’installer des dysfonctionnements de la parentalité. Elles facilitent aussi l’investissement narcissique et objectal de l’enfant par son père. (shrink)

In a well-known story constructed by Saul Kripke , Pierre, a rational but monolingual Frenchman who has never visited England, acquires, on the evidence of many magazine pictures of London, the belief that London is beautiful. He is happy to declare ‘Londres est jolie’. Pierre eventually moves to England and settles in one of the seedier areas of London, travelling only to comparably shabby neighbourhoods. He learns English by immersion, though he does not realize that ‘London’ and ‘Londres’ are co-referential. (...) Naturally enough, given his current circumstances, he acquires a belief that he is only too willing to express by uttering ‘It is not the case that London is beautiful’. So apparently he now holds contradictory beliefs. But rational people do not hold contradictory beliefs ….One popular response to Kripke's puzzle is that people …. (shrink)

La réelle généralisation du téléphone en France, outil technique de médiation de la communication interpersonnelle ordinaire, date, après une longue gestation, d’une génération. Revisiter les enquêtes et analyses sur les usages sociaux du téléphone pendant le quart de siècle écoulé facilite, en prenant du recul, le suivi de l’évolution d’une appropriation, par les Français, qui ne fut pas seulement technique mais culturelle. Ce travail de remémorisation et de synthèse d’une révolution invisible préalable à la visibilité soudaine du téléphone portable dans (...) les médias et les espaces publics s’appuie sur les jalons suivants : processus de diffusion dans la société ; alternative au courrier et au face-à-face ; représentations sociales ; mécanismes de compétence interlocutoire ; normes et tactiques d’usage ; différenciation du genre masculin vs féminin ; usages privés sur le lieu de travail ; visite à distance ; réseaux de sociabilité ; répondeur ; téléphone mobile.In France, the telephone, a technical interpersonal communication tool, underwent a long gestation period and became widely used one generation ago. A study of the surveys and analyses of the social uses of the telephone in the last 25 years makes it easier to follow the evolution of its appropriation by the French, which was not merely technical but also cultural. The present history and analysis of the invisible revolution that took place prior to the sudden emergence of the mobile phone in the media and in public places focuses on the following themes : spreading process in society ; alternative to mail or to face-to-face communication ; social representations ; speaking skill mechanisms ; rules and tactics of usage ; differences between sexes ; private uses in the workplace ; remote visits ; social networks ; answering-machines ; mobile phones. (shrink)

Les thèses défendues ici par l’un des membres du collectif Wu Ming prennent le contrepied des discours habituels tenus sur le populisme. Raconter des histoires, s’armer des pouvoirs propres du storytelling ne revient pas nécessairement à embobiner les masses dans des bobards : sous certaines conditions, cela peut au contraire aider à la circulation de récits émancipants, qui élèvent l’intelligence de ceux qui les racontent comme de ceux qui les écoutent.

Article SUR LA DIFFERENCE ET L’IDENTITE DES METHODES DE LA METAPHYSIQUE ET DES MATHEMATIQUES CHEZ DESCARTES ET LEIBNIZ ET SUR LA CONCEPTION CLASSIQUE DES PRINCIPES DE CAUSALITE ET DE CORRESPONDANCE was published on January 1, 1961 in the journal Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie (volume 43, issue 3).